ARC. Muhammad, whose full name was Mawlay Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman, was a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. He ruled Morocco as sultan from August 28, 1859 to September 16, 1873. During the reign of his father, Abd al-Rahman, neighboring Ottoman Algeria fell victim to a French invasion in 1830. Mawlay Muhammad led the Moroccan army, which was defeated by the French army at the Battle of Isly in 1844 during the Franco-Moroccan War. After the defeat, with his father's permission, he introduced significant military reforms in 1845. The new units were infantry and thus allowed the use of tactics that replicated the concentration of French firepower. The first opponent against whom these new units were deployed was the well-known resistance hero, Abd al-Kader. During Muhammad's reign, many reforms were implemented in Morocco to defend against European influence. French rule over Ottoman Algeria, conquered in 1830, led European nations to engage in military conflicts with Morocco, such as the 1844 Battle of Isly with France and the 1860 Battle of Tetuan with Spain. Muhammad was succeeded on the throne by his son Hassan I.

ARC. The minting of Sultan Muhammad of Morocco from 1859-1873 brought about a significant change in the issuance of Moroccan coins. The Sultan strove for modernization, and as part of this he wanted to reform the monetary system. In 1860 IV. Muhammad introduced the new base unit of the coin system, 1 rial. The rial was made of silver and divided into 100 centimats. The sultan then issued several new types of coins, including 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 centimes and 1, 2, 5, 10 rials. The sultan's minting significantly improved the quality of Moroccan coins. The new coins were made of pure silver and were of exact weight and quality. This contributed to the increase in the value of Moroccan coins and made them more popular in trade.IV. Muhammad's coins were important milestones in Moroccan monetary history. The sultan's new coin types and the improvement of minting quality contributed to the modernization of the Moroccan monetary system. IV. Muhammad's coinage contributed significantly to the development of the Moroccan monetary system. The sultan's new coin types and improved minting quality helped increase the value of Moroccan coins and made them more popular in trade.